1 ESR.
2 autoantibodies
(1) anti-nuclear antibody: positive, with speckled pattern, nucleolar type based.
(2) anti-Scl-70 antibody: positive, is diffuse SSc labeled antibody.
(3) anti-centromere antibody: is localized SSc labeled antibodies, especially when CREST syndrome positive.
(4) Anti-nucleolin antibody: positive.
3 Skin biopsy collagen fibers, swelling, hardening and shrinking of connective tissue cell infiltration, small vessel wall thickening, luminal smaller and occlusion.
(1) .X ray examination of esophageal motility, wall stiffness. Interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis.
(2). Spirometry lung volumes and diffusing capacity reduction. |
