Scleroderma patients need to do to check the following:
Hemorrheology index detection
Whole blood viscosity (low shear)
Normal: less than men: 7.5 to 10.0 Female: 5.8 to 8.1
Added: common in hypertension, cerebrovascular accident, coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction.
Reduction: common in anemia disease.
Whole blood viscosity (high shear)
Normal: higher male: female 5.6 to 6.7: 4.7 to 6.01
Added: common in hypertension, cerebrovascular accident, coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction.
Reduction: common in anemia disease.
Plasma viscosity
Normal: 1.64 ~ 1.78
Added: common in hypertension, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, cerebral thrombosis.
Erythrocyte electrophoresis time (S)
Normal: 15 ~ 17.4s
Added: Tips to enhance red blood cell and platelet aggregation, blood viscosity, easy to form thrombotic diseases, such as obliterans, myocardial infarction, angina, ischemic stroke, high blood pressure.
Reduction: Tips erythrocytes, platelets charged strong, blood viscosity decreases. Seen in Glanzmann's disease, macroglobulinemia, cancer, scurvy and aspirin, phenylbutazone, dextran.
Platelet electrophoresis time (S)
Normal: 19 ~ 22.6s
Added: Tips to enhance red blood cell and platelet aggregation, blood viscosity, easy to form thrombotic diseases, such as obliterans, myocardial infarction, angina, ischemic stroke, high blood pressure.
Reduced: prompt red blood cells, platelets charged strong, blood viscosity decreases. Seen in Glanzmann's disease, macroglobulinemia, cancer, scurvy and eye aspirin, phenylbutazone, dextran.
Fibrinogen (Fb)
Normal: 2.4 ~ 3.7 (g / L)
Increased: infection, inflammation, arthritis, menstrual period after surgery, DIC compensatory periods of time.
Reduction: disseminated intravascular coagulation, placental abruption, amniotic fluid during delivery into angiogenesis embolism.
Whole blood reduced specific viscosity (low shear) normal: less than men: 14 to 20 women: 12 to 21
When the concentration of hematocrit of whole blood viscosity when. Whole blood viscosity and blood cell concentration ratio represents the ratio of the plot. Namely (whole blood viscosity -1) / hematocrit. Where the (whole blood viscosity -1) for specific viscosity, reduced viscosity reflect the actual units produced increased hematocrit viscosity than the amount of the blood viscosity correction to the same concentration of blood cells than on the basis of the plot to the comparison.
Erythrocyte electrophoresis time (S)
Normal: 15 ~ 17.4s
Added: Tips to enhance red blood cell and platelet aggregation, blood viscosity, easy to form thrombotic diseases, such as obliterans, myocardial infarction, angina, ischemic stroke, high blood pressure.
Reduction: Tips erythrocytes, platelets charged strong, blood viscosity decreases. Seen in Glanzmann's disease, macroglobulinemia, cancer, scurvy and aspirin, phenylbutazone, dextran.
Whole blood reduced specific viscosity (high shear)
Normal: higher than men: 10 to 13 Female: 9 to 13
When the concentration of hematocrit of whole blood viscosity when. Whole blood viscosity and blood cell concentration ratio represents the ratio of the plot. Namely (whole blood viscosity -1) / hematocrit. Where the (whole blood viscosity -1) for specific viscosity, reduced viscosity reflect the actual units produced increased hematocrit viscosity than the amount of the blood viscosity correction to the same concentration of blood cells than on the basis of the plot to the comparison.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
Normal circumstances: Male: 0 ~ 21mm / h Female: 0 ~ 38mm / h
Anemia or blood diluted ESR, erythrocyte decline against the resistance is reduced, not enhanced red blood cell aggregation and faster. By erythrocyte sedimentation equation K value than the product can eliminate the influence of anemia or blood dilution of erythrocyte sedimentation rate. K values reflect high erythrocyte aggregation enhancement. If the ESR fast, K value is large, erythrocyte sedimentation rate must be fast; ESR fast, K value is normal, due to lower than the volume of red blood cells caused by ESR.
Hematocrit
Normal circumstances: Male: 0.42 to 0.47 females: 0.39 to 0.40
Hematocrit refers to the ratio of red blood cells in the blood volume occupied. Is an important factor affecting blood viscosity, blood viscosity increases with hematocrit, and rapidly increased, and vice versa reduced.
Increased: blood concentration due to various reasons, such as a large number of vomiting, diarrhea, extensive burns after a large number of wound exudate, such as measuring blood hematocrit in order to understand the degree of concentration, the amount of fluid can be used as a basis. Polycythemia vera sometimes up to about 80%. Compensatory body secondary polycythemia oxygen system caused by insufficient supply responses, such as newborns, mountain dwellers and chronic heart and lung disease and so on.
Reduction: a variety of anemia or blood-thinning, due to different types of anemia, red blood cell count and hematocrit is not necessarily reduced in proportion, so you can calculate the amount of hemoglobin in red blood cell count averages based on three kinds of hematocrit and red blood cells, in order to help the identification and classification of anemia.
Red blood cell deformability
Normal circumstances: Male: 3.9 to 5.0 women: 3.0 to 4.2
Tips to reduce hemolytic anemia, vascular disease, diabetes, liver disease.
Normal erythrocyte rigidity index: Male: 7.16 F: 7.14
Erythrocyte rigidity index greater, indicating that the smaller red blood cell degeneration, is higher than variable rates, one of the reasons for high blood viscosity.
Blood test
Red blood cell (RBC)
Normal circumstances:
Male: (4-5) * 1012 / L;
Female: (3.5-4.5) * 1012 / L
Increased: polycythemia vera, severe dehydration, pulmonary heart disease, congenital heart disease population, alpine regions, severe burns, shock.
Reduced: anemia, bleeding
Hemoglobin (Hg)
Normal: Male: (120-150) g / L; female: (105-135) g / L
Increased: polycythemia vera, severe dehydration, pulmonary heart disease, congenital heart disease population, alpine regions, severe burns, shock.
Reduced: anemia, bleeding
White blood cell (WBC)
Normal circumstances: (4-10) * 109 / L
Increased: a variety of cell infection, inflammation, severe burns. Exception should be significantly increased leukemia.
Reduced: leukopenia, hypersplenism, hematopoietic disorders, radiation, drugs, chemicals and other toxins cause bone marrow suppression, malaria, typhoid, viral infections, paratyphoid.
Neutrophils
Normal circumstances: (50-70)%
Increased: bacterial infection, inflammation;
Reduced: viral infection
Eosinophils
Normal circumstances: (0-00.75)%
Increased: chronic myeloid leukemia and chronic hemolytic anemia.
Lymphocytes in normal circumstances: (20-30)%
Increased: whooping cough, infectious mononucleosis syndrome, viral infections, acute infectious lymphocytosis, lymphocytic leukemia;
Reduced: immunodeficiency
Monocytes
Normal circumstances: (3-8)%
Increased: tuberculosis, typhoid, malaria, monocytic leukemia.
Platelet (PLT)
Normal circumstances: (100-300)%
Increased: essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, chronic leukemia, myelofibrosis, symptomatic thrombocytosis, infection, inflammation, cancer, iron deficiency anemia, trauma, surgery, bleeding, after splenectomy splenic vein thrombosis after exercise.
Reduced: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated lupus erythematosus, drug allergy thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, platelet destruction increased, decreased production of platelets, aplastic anemia, bone marrow dysfunction, drug-induced bone marrow suppression, hypersplenism.
ESR
Normal: Male: (0-15) mm / h; female: (0-20) mm / h
Faster: acute inflammation, connective tissue disease, severe anemia, cancer, tuberculosis.
Slowing: polycythemia, dehydration.
Reticulocyte count
Normal circumstances: (00.5-1.5)%
Increased: hemolytic anemia, heavy bleeding, iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, vitamin B12 when.
Reduced: bone marrow dysfunction, aplastic anemia, leukemia.
Urinalysis
Urine
Normal circumstances: 1000-2000ml
More urine: urine frequently than 2500ml / day, for more urine
Oliguria: urine output of less than 500ml / day, for oliguria
Urine color
Normal: yellow with much drinking and sweating, may have different shades of color.
Dark red color with yellow urine samples such as tea, found bilirubin in urine, urine color is dark brown or the color of soy sauce, seen hemoglobinuria; cloudy urine color pale red / wash meat mixed with water or blood clots, found hematuria white milk samples of urine called chyluria, found in blood or tumor filariasis causes such as kidney surrounding lymphatic drainage is blocked. chyluria should urinary phosphate and carbonate gray phase identification. latter is more common in children prone to cold weather, the Department of normal, can be used for laboratory tests if necessary many drugs can cause urine color change urine yellowing: berberine, a flat, vitamin B, tetracycline, vitamin . B2, rifampin, sulfadiazine, furazolidone, grain Dan, tablets and other compound rhubarb red urine becomes yellow or brown; nitrofurantoin, flutter malaria quinine, Peter quinoline, sulfa drugs so that the urine becomes. red: aminopyrine, phenolphthalein, phenytoin, rifampin, wintermine roll urine becomes green: indomethacin, methylene blue, black amitriptyline urine darkens: metronidazole ., methyldopa, levodopa, isoniazid, sorbitol iron so that the urine becomes dark brown: phenacetin, quinine.
Urine Odor
Normal: no special smell of fresh urine.
Just discharged ammonia smell of urine that is found in chronic cystitis and chronic urinary retention; apple-like odor found in diabetic acidosis; some medicines and foods such as garlic, onions, etc. can make the urine odor.
Normal urine protein: negative
Increased: seen all kinds of nephritis, kidney, urinary tract infections, kidney stones, polycystic kidney disease, systemic disease involving the kidneys, such as drug-induced renal damage and roughly urine protein protein content.:
Symbol turbidity estimate protein content
- No clear mission cloudy negative: no protein
¡À was white turbid trace only when viewed under a black background: about 0.01g / dlc below
+ White mild turbidity and no small amount of particles: about 0.01-0.05g / dl
+ + Significant amount of white granular opacities: about 0.05-0.2g / dl
+ + + White flocculent turbid lot: about 0.2-0.5g / dl
++++ Condensate lump cloudy extremely large:> 0.5g / dl
Urine
Normal: normal qualitative urine was negative.
Increased: seen in diabetes, hyperthyroidism, adrenal hyperactivity, chronic liver disease, etc.
Qualitative urine and urine generally content:
Symbol color changes within the estimated sugar content in urine
- Color change negative: the sugar-free urine
¡À does not change color, cool a little green precipitate trace: less than 0.25g / dl
+ Slight color change small amounts: 0.25-0.50g / dl
+ + Greenish yellow in: about 0.5-1g / dl
+ + + Khaki lot: 1-2g / dl
++++ Reddish brown extremely large:> 2g / dl
Urine microscopy
Normal: WBC <5 / HP; RBC 0 to 1 / HP, (Children) <3 / HP; epithelial cells from 0 to a small / HP; tube 0 / HP or occasionally transparent tube
Leukocytosis: urinary tract infection (pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis, etc.), urinary calculi (kidney stones, ureteral stones, bladder stones), urinary tuberculosis (TB kidney, bladder tuberculosis), urinary tract tumors (kidney cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer) and the like.
Polycythemia: urinary stones, tuberculosis and cancer, renal tubular nephritis, urinary vascular malformations, bleeding disorders.
Tube increases: red tube: Kidney disease acute phase.
WBC casts (pus tube): purulent infection (acute pyelonephritis, interstitial nephritis).
Tubular epithelial cells: acute nephritis, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, eclampsia, heavy metal poisoning, chemical poisoning, acute renal allograft rejection and so on.
Granular casts: chronic nephritis, acute nephritis late, poisoning, lipid nephropathy, acute renal failure (renal tube type).
Urine bilirubin
Normal: negative
Positive: obstructive jaundice, hepatocellular jaundice, congenital non-hemolytic jaundice
Urobilin
Normal: negative
Positive: abnormal liver function, increased red blood cell destruction, obstruction, chronic constipation, acute fever
Ketone
Normal: negative
Positive: diabetes, starvation, vomiting, dehydration, fever, hypothyroidism
Urobilinogen
Normal: less than 1:20
Increased: abnormal liver function, increased red blood cell destruction, obstruction, chronic constipation, acute fever
Reduction: bile duct obstruction, acute hepatitis, diarrhea
Specific gravity 1.008-1.03
Increased: diabetes, acute nephritis, diarrhea, vomiting and fever.
Reduced: diabetes insipidus, drinking too much, kidney failure late, the use of diuretics.
Urinary pH
Normal: 5.0 to 7.0
Increased: respiratory alkalosis, certain metabolic alkalosis, Proteus urinary tract infection, renal tubular acidosis, sodium bicarbonate and other alkaline drugs, primary aldosteronism psychosis.
Reduced: respiratory acidosis, metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia alkalosis, application of ammonium chloride and other acidic drugs.
Stool examination
Odor normal circumstances: except for unusual circumstances
Exception: If manure was sour smell, but mixed with air bubbles, common in starch or sugar indigestion
Color normal circumstances: Pale yellow with much drinking and sweating, may have different shades of color.
Exception: Black - after taking charcoal agents, bismuth, were dull shades ranging from charcoal-like black; upper gastrointestinal bleeding, stool color black and shiny, black tarry oil. Clay color - seen in biliary obstruction, and see they have a lot of fat. Those who had taken the barium meal was gray. Green - too fast for intestinal motility, intestinal fecal bilirubin into biliverdin, it was green, found in baby enteritis; undigested manure contains a lot of vegetables, even the naked eye can see at this time that was a dish green. Red - fresh blood mixed with feces or stool attached to the surface, seen in lower gastrointestinal bleeding and hemorrhoids, anal fissure. White or spotted - aluminum hydroxide class; yellow -> green - anthraquinones; greenish gray - oral antibiotics; Pink -> red or black - anticoagulants class, hydroxyl phenylbutazone, heparin, salicylic acid; green black - bismuth preparations; black - low iron salts; green - indomethacin; orange -> red - benzeneazo pyridine; red - flutter Nao Ling; red -> orange - rifampin.
Characters normal circumstances: forming, columnar, soft
Exception: columnar hard seen habitual constipation; sheep granular seen in spastic constipation; flat ribbon it may be due to anal stenosis or near the anus and rectum cancer squeeze caused; paste it found after overeating and other indigestion; liquid they found food poisoning diarrhea and other acute enteritis; rice water stools seen in cholera; blood and pus found in bacterial dysentery; sticky jelly will be seen in chronic colitis or chronic dysentery; blood samples will be seen in lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Mucus seen in acute enteritis, chronic colitis.
Food residue
Normal: normal invisible.
Exception: When there is seen indigestion or intestinal subtotal patients.
Cells in normal circumstances: occasionally few epithelial cells or leukocytes.
Exception: a large number of red blood cells found in the lower gastrointestinal bleeding; small amount of red blood cells found in a large number of white blood cells or pus ball dysentery; large number of epithelial cells seen in chronic colitis.
Fecal urobilinogen
Normal: positive
Negative: obstructive jaundice were negative, some obstruction or bile secretion dysfunction weakly positive
Fecal bile pigment normal: negative
Positive: obstructive jaundice, hepatocellular jaundice, congenital non-hemolytic jaundice
Fecal occult blood reaction (occult blood test] normal: negative
Positive: peptic ulcer, cancer, tuberculosis, dysentery, typhoid fever. Gastrointestinal bleeding more, the stronger the reaction. According to the intensity of the color reaction can be divided into four positive reaction.
Note: Do not feed two days before the test meat and vitamin C, in particular, do not eat pig and other animal blood products.
Liver function tests
Total bilirubin (STB)
Normal circumstances: Cord blood <34¦̀mol / L0 ~ 1 ̀́ <103¦̀mol / L3 ~ 5 ̀́ <205¦̀mol / L thereafter <34¦̀mol / L for adults: 1.7 ~ 17.1¦̀mol / L
Total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin: hemolytic anemia, ABO blood transfusion, malignant diseases, neonatal jaundice. Total bilirubin, direct and indirect bilirubin were increased: acute jaundice hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis, toxic hepatitis. Total bilirubin, direct bilirubin: intrahepatic and extrahepatic obstructive jaundice, pancreatic cancer, hepatitis and other bile capillary bile stasis syndrome.
Direct bilirubin (SDB)
Normal: 0 ~ 3.4¦̀mol / L
The clinical significance of ditto
Indirect bilirubin (SIB) normal: 1.7 ~ 13.7¦̀mol / L
The clinical significance of ditto
Total protein (TP)
Normal: 60 ~ 80g / L
Added: hypertonic dehydration, multiple myeloma, Addison's disease, acute and chronic infections caused by certain hypergammaglobulinemia and so on. Reduction: chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, chronic infection, chronic wasting disease, chronic diarrhea, nephrotic syndrome, malnutrition.
Albumin (Alb)
Normal: 40 ~ 55g / L
Added: occasionally concentrated in the blood caused by dehydration. Reduction: liver disease, kidney disease, malnutrition.
Globulin (G)
Normal: 20 ~ 29g / L
Increased: dehydration, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, malaria, leprosy, SLE, scleroderma, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, cirrhosis, myeloma, lymphoma.
Reduction: Cushing's syndrome, long-term use of glucocorticoid steroids. After birth to three years old, globulin was reduced physiological.
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, GPT) normal circumstances: Improved Mu's method <500nmol.s-1 / LReitman France 2 ~ 30U
Increased: acute and chronic liver disease, biliary tract infections, gallstones, acute pancreatitis, acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, meningitis, SLE and so on. Children, cold, overwork, strenuous exercise, hemolytic reaction may rise.
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, GOT)
Normal circumstances: Improved Mu's method <667nmol.s-1 / LReitman France 3 ~ 30U
Added: myocardial infarction (6h after the onset increased significantly, 48h peaked at 3 to 5 days to resume normal), various liver diseases, myocarditis, pleurisy, nephritis, pneumonia also increased slightly. GOT has two isozymes present in the cytoplasm is called s-GOT, called m-GOT present in mitochondria. GOT isoenzyme determination helps extent of tissue damage, heart, liver, kidney varying understanding. s-GOT increased; tissue damage when m-GOT in serum can be measured. Myocardial infarction, m-GOT and s-GOT precedes increased.
Gastric function tests
Anhydride clearance
Normal: Plasma adult generally 0.80 ~ 1.20ml ¡¤ s-1 / m2 adult male urine 0.45 ~ 1.32ml ¡¤ s-1 / m2 F 0.85 ~ 1.29ml ¡¤ s-1 / m250 years of age, the annual decline in 0.006ml ¡¤ s-1 / m2
The clinical significance see inulin clearance. Endogenous creatinine clearance rate fell to 0.5 ~ 0.6ml ¡¤ s-1 / m2 (52 ~ 63ml / min / 1.73m2) when the glomerular filtration dysfunction, such as <0.3ml ¡¤ s-1 / m2 (31ml / min / 1.73m2) is severely impaired glomerular filtration rate. Note: In the late chronic nephritis or other glomerular lesions due to renal tubular creatinine excretion increased accordingly, so that the measurement results were higher than the actual. Similarly, chronic nephritis, nephrotic type who, due to the tubular basement membrane permeability increases, more endogenous creatinine discharged from the renal tubules, the measured value is also increased accordingly.
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Normal: diacetyl - oxime color method 1.8 ~ 6.8mmol / L urease - sodium's color method 3.2 ~ 6.1mmol / L
Increased: acute and chronic nephritis, severe pyelonephritis, for various reasons caused by acute and chronic renal dysfunction, and heart failure, shock, burns, dehydration, massive internal haemorrhaging, adrenal dysfunction, benign prostatic hyperplasia, chronic urinary tract obstruction.
Blood Urea
Normal: 3.2 ~ 7.0mmol / L
Acute and chronic nephritis, severe pyelonephritis, for various reasons caused by acute and chronic renal dysfunction, and heart failure, shock, burns, dehydration, massive internal haemorrhaging, adrenal dysfunction, benign prostatic hyperplasia, chronic urinary tract obstruction.
Serum creatinine
Normal circumstances: Adult male 79.6 ~ 132.6¦̀mol / L female 70.7 ~ 106.1¦̀mol / L pediatric 26.5 ~ 62.0¦̀mol / L of whole blood 88.4 ~ 159.1¦̀mol / L
Added: renal failure, uremia, heart failure, gigantism, acromegaly, salicylates therapy. Reduction: progressive muscular atrophy, leukemia, anemia.
Uric acid
Normal circumstances: Adult male 149 ~ 417¦̀mol / L female 89 ~ 357¦̀mol / L> 60-year-old male 250 ~ 476¦̀mol / L female 190 ~ 434¦̀mol / L
Added: gout, acute and chronic leukemia, multiple myeloma, malignant anemia, renal failure, liver failure, polycythemia, pregnancy reaction, vigorous activity and high-fat meal.
Urinary creatinine (Cr)
Normal: Baby 88 ~ 176¦̀mmol ¡¤ kg-1 / d for children 44 ~ 352¦̀mol ¡¤ kg-1 / d for adults 7 ~ 8mmol / d
Increased: hunger, fever, acute and chronic wasting disease trunk, after strenuous exercise and so on. Reduction: renal failure, muscle atrophy, anemia and leukemia.
Urine
Blood Urea
Normal: 3.2 ~ 7.0mmol / L
Acute and chronic nephritis, severe pyelonephritis, for various reasons caused by acute and chronic renal dysfunction, and heart failure, shock, burns, dehydration, massive internal haemorrhaging, adrenal dysfunction, benign prostatic hyperplasia, chronic urinary tract obstruction.
Serum creatinine
Normal circumstances: Adult male 79.6 ~ 132.6¦̀mol / L female 70.7 ~ 106.1¦̀mol / L pediatric 26.5 ~ 62.0¦̀mol / L of whole blood 88.4 ~ 159.1¦̀mol / L
Added: renal failure, uremia, heart failure, gigantism, acromegaly, salicylates therapy. Reduction: progressive muscular atrophy, leukemia, anemia.
Uric acid
Normal circumstances: Adult male 149 ~ 417¦̀mol / L female 89 ~ 357¦̀mol / L> 60-year-old male 250 ~ 476¦̀mol / L female 190 ~ 434¦̀mol / L
Added: gout, acute and chronic leukemia, multiple myeloma, malignant anemia, renal failure, liver failure, polycythemia, pregnancy reaction, vigorous activity and high-fat meal.
Urinary creatinine (Cr)
Normal: Baby 88 ~ 176¦̀mmol ¡¤ kg-1 / d for children 44 ~ 352¦̀mol ¡¤ kg-1 / d for adults 7 ~ 8mmol / d
Increased: hunger, fever, acute and chronic wasting disease trunk, after strenuous exercise and so on. Reduction: renal failure, muscle atrophy, anemia and leukemia.
Urinary protein
Normal: Qualitative negative quantitative: <150mg / d
Normal daily from the urine of about 40 to 80 proteins, does not exceed the upper limit of 150mg, which is mainly albumin, followed glycoproteins and glycopeptides. These proteins 0.60 (60%) from the plasma around the remainder derived from kidney, urinary tract, prostate secretions and tissue breakdown products, including urinary enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and the degradation products thereof. Physiological increase: orthostatic proteinuria, sports proteinuria, fever, agitation, cold hot climate. |
